Étape n°21 – Place Karl Marx
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Où habite le Serin cini? Dans les bois ou dans les villages ? Au milieu des plaines agricoles ou au centre ville ?
Le Serin cini fréquente parcs, jardins, friches, partout où il peut se régaler de graines de plantes sauvages… Il se nourrit au sol, picore les graines de plantain, séneçon, graminées, des bourgeons, des jeunes pousses ou des semences d’arbres, et très rarement des insectes. Petit fringillidé (famille de passereaux granivores), « cousin » du canari, on peut le reconnaître à son bec court et épais (caractéristique des mangeurs de graine) et en vol à son croupion jaune. Son plumage est brun et vert jaunâtre, strié de plumes foncées et claires, et le mâle se pare de jaune vif sur la tête et la poitrine à la saison des amours.
Il fabrique un tout petit nid avec des branches, des herbes sèches, de la mousse, du lichen, du duvet, et même des toiles d’araignées, qu’il cache dans un buisson au feuillage dense. Il peut faire jusqu’à 3 nichées par an !
Aux forêts ou plaines agricoles, il préfère villes et villages qui lui offrent les endroits semi-ouverts, pourvus d’arbres et arbustes dans lesquels il peut nidifier, et des espaces dégagés riches en plantes à graines. La présence humaine ne le dérange pas, c’est pourquoi il a adopté les parcs et jardins urbains riches en arbustes ornementaux à feuillage persistant, thuyas, ifs, buis, …
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Le Ginkgo biloba, est nommé également « L’Arbre aux 40 écus ». Est-ce son prix d’achat de 40 écus en 1788 versé par un botaniste de Montpellier, ou son feuillage doré en automne qui est à l’origine de cette appellation ?
À vous de choisir l’histoire qui vous semble vraisemblable !
C’est un arbre très ancien (270 millions d’année), originaire de Chine, qui a voyagé depuis le XVIIIème siècle en Europe. Il connaît un récent essor dans les parcs urbains grâce à l’aspect décoratif de ses feuilles et à sa résistance à la pollution atmosphérique.
De plus, sa renommée s’est amplifiée après l’explosion de la bombe atomique le 6 août 1945 à Hiroshima, car situé à moins d’un kilomètre, il fut la première espèce d’arbre à avoir survécu.
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L’anémogamie, c’est la pollinisation par le vent !
C’est une espèce dioïque : des arbres portent des fruits mâles, d’autres des fruits femelles. La pollinisation a lieu en mars-avril, les pieds mâles produisant du pollen en grande quantité qui s’envole vers les ovules portés par les ginkgos femelles.
Pourquoi trouve t-on majoritairement des Ginkgo biloba mâles dans les parcs ?
Les fruits, portés par les ginkgos femelles, poussent en grappe, sortes de mirabelles ovoïde dégageant une odeur désagréable qui évoque le beurre rance. C’est pourquoi, les arbres femelles sont plus rarement plantés. Pourtant, à l’intérieur des fruits, se trouve des sortes de noix , contenant des amandes, qui, grillées sont délicieuses et consommées lors des mariages en Chine et au Japon, mais elles doivent consommées avec modération car elles sont toxiques pour certaines personnes.
Son feuillage est caduc (il perd ses feuilles en automne). Ses feuilles en forme d’éventail, souples et portées par un long pétiole, sont vert vif au printemps et en été, et jaune d’or à l’automne.
Plus proche botaniquement des conifères, il est le seul représentant de la famille des Ginkgoacées.
Le Ginkgo a pratiquement disparu dans la nature. Sa survie est sans doute due aux soins que les moines taoïstes lui prodiguaient après les avoir plantés près des pagodes depuis plus de mille ans. Il est actuellement sur la liste rouge des espèces menacées d’extinction.
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